Health Encyclopedia

Ammonia blood test

Definition

The ammonia test measures the level of ammonia in a blood sample.

Alternative Names

Serum ammonia; Encephalopathy - ammonia; Cirrhosis - ammonia; Liver failure - ammonia

How the Test is Performed

A blood sample is needed.

How to Prepare for the Test

Your health care provider may ask you to stop taking certain drugs that may affect test results. These include:

Alcohol
Acetazolamide
Barbiturates
Diuretics
Narcotics
Valproic acid

You should not smoke before your blood is drawn.

How the Test will Feel

When the needle is inserted to draw blood, some people feel moderate pain. Others feel only a prick or stinging. Afterward, there may be some throbbing or a slight bruise. This soon goes away.

Why the Test is Performed

Ammonia (NH₃) is produced by cells throughout the body, especially the intestines, liver, and kidneys. Most of the ammonia produced in the body is used by the liver to produce urea. Urea is also a waste product, but it is much less toxic than ammonia. Ammonia is especially toxic to the brain. It can cause confusion, low energy, and sometimes coma.

This test may be done if you have, or your provider thinks you have, a condition that may cause a toxic buildup of ammonia. It is most commonly used to diagnose and monitor hepatic encephalopathy, a severe liver disease.

Normal Results

The normal range is 15 to 45 µ/dL (11 to 32 µmol/L).

Normal value ranges may vary slightly among different laboratories. Some labs use different measurements or may test different samples. Talk to your provider about the meaning of your specific test results.

What Abnormal Results Mean

Abnormal results may mean you have increased ammonia levels in your blood. This may be due to any of the following:

Gastrointestinal (GI) bleeding, usually in the upper GI tract
Genetic diseases of the urea cycle
High body temperature (hyperthermia)
Kidney disease
Liver failure
Low blood potassium level (in people with liver disease)
Parenteral nutrition (nutrition by vein)
Reye syndrome
Salicylate poisoning
Severe muscle exertion
Ureterosigmoidostomy (a procedure to reconstruct the urinary tract in certain illnesses)
Urinary tract infection with a bacteria called Proteus mirabilis

A high-protein diet can also raise the blood ammonia level.

Risks

There is little risk in having your blood taken. Veins and arteries vary in size from one person to another and from one side of the body to the other. Taking blood from some people may be more difficult than from others.

Other risks associated with having blood drawn are slight, but may include:

Excessive bleeding
Fainting or feeling lightheaded
Multiple punctures to locate veins
Hematoma (blood accumulating under the skin)
Infection (a slight risk any time the skin is broken)

References

Daniels L, Khalili M, Goldstein E, Bluth MH, Bowne WB, Pincus MR. Evaluation of liver function. In: McPherson RA, Pincus MR, eds. Henry's Clinical Diagnosis and Management by Laboratory Methods. 24th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier; 2022:chap 22.

Mehta SS, Fallon MB. Hepatic encephalopathy, hepatorenal syndrome, hepatopulmonary syndrome, and other systemic complications of liver disease. In: Feldman M, Friedman LS, Brandt LJ, eds. Sleisenger and Fordtran's Gastrointestinal and Liver Disease: Pathophysiology/Diagnosis/Management. 11th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier; 2021:chap 94.

Review Date:2/28/2023
Reviewed By:Jacob Berman, MD, MPH, Clinical Assistant Professor of Medicine, Division of General Internal Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA. Also reviewed by David C. Dugdale, MD, Medical Director, Brenda Conaway, Editorial Director, and the A.D.A.M. Editorial team.

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